works by Watteau, Boucher and Fragonard, point out the features that are Rococo and
say why they belong to that style.
2. How do the paintings of Watteau, Boucher, and Fragonard reflect the “pursuit of pleasure”?
3. Describe the formal stylistic traits of Rococo painting and sculpture.
4. Describe a fête galante or fête champêtre.
5. How did the paintings of Greuze and Chardin differ from those of Watteau, Boucher, and
Fragonard?
Promise of Enlightenment

6. When did the Enlightenment begin? When did it end?
7. What was the Cult of Progress? What was its main goal? According to the philosophes, what impeded progress? How did the philosophes address these impediments to progress?
8. How is Hobbes’ view of human nature? What is the function of a “Leviathan”?
9. Why, according to Locke, are men willing to give up their freedom? What, in Locke’s view, is the function of law?
10. Which of Locke’s ideas influenced Montesquieu and Jefferson?
11. What is meant by “unalienable rights”? How did Jefferson justify revolution?
12. Adam Smith says that the division of labor comes from an inborn human tendency. What is that natural tendency according to Smith?
13. What did Diderot wish to achieve in his multi-volume Encyclopédie?
14. From Diderot’s Encyclopédie entry on Natural Law, what was the relationship between natural law and reason?
15. What was Jean Jacques Rousseau’s relationship to the Encyclopedie?
16. What, according to Condorcet, were the three main causes of the differences between human beings? Did he believe these could be remedied?
17. Mary Wollstonecraft’s Vindication of the Rights of Women has been called “feminism’s founding document.” Why so? What were the principal aims of this treatise? What did she mean by a “false system of education”? How did this system contribute to the plight of women?
18. What were the most important literary achievements of Joseph Addison, Daniel Defoe, and Alexander Pope?
19. How did the French salons and the English coffee houses contribute to the Enlightenment? What was the difference between the two?

Neoclassicism

20. What events inspired the neoclassical revival of the eighteenth century?
21. Why and how did Germans like Mengs and Winkelmann collaborate with Italian antiquities
collectors/dealers to create and spread the taste for classicism?
22. What was the Grand Tour? How did it promote the spread of classicism? Which artists in
particular benefited from the Grand Tour?
23. How did Wincklemann define the principles of Greek classicism? Why were his writings so
influential?
24. How were the subject matter and content of neo-classicists related to contemporary history
and political issues?
25. Why did Louis XVI commission large history paintings of serious ancient subject matter?
26. Describe the typical subject matter, content & formal characteristics of neoclassical painting.
27. Give examples of two neoclassical buildings and explain the formal characteristics which
make them neoclassical.
28. Compare Canova’s Pauline Borghese to Houdon’s George Washington. They are in
different “styles” yet both are considered to be neoclassical. Explain.
29. What was the first important neoclassical building in Paris, who designed it, and what
building was it modeled after?
30. What does “classical” music mean and how is it related to “classical” art?
31. How did Sir Joshua Reynolds and the establishment of the London Royal Academy assist
the spread of neoclassicism in England?
32. How did British industrialists and artists such as Wedgewood and Flaxman assist the spread
of neoclassicism?
33. What were the two main phases of neoclassicism and how do they differ?
Limitations of the Enlightenment

32. What was the First Awakening? How is it related to the Enlightenment ideas and goals? What were some of the consequences of the First Awakening?
33. Summarize the conditions and circumstances described by Equiano in his Travels.
34. What is the message of Wheatley’s poem, “On Being Brought from Africa to America”?
35. Who is the model for Dr. Pangloss in Voltaire’s Candide? What features of the character refer to this model?
36. Describe the character of Candide as he is depicted in the early portions of Candide.
37. The writing of eighteenth-century philosophes was often characterized by satire. Explain why and give examples from the textbook.
38. What ills in British society are ridiculed by Hogarth?
39. How are the prints of Hogarth related to the writings of the French philosophes?
40. What did Rousseau mean when he wrote, “God makes all things good; man meddles in them and they become evil” or “man was born free, and everywhere he is in chains”?
41. What aspects of civilized life, according to Rousseau, weaken and corrupt society?
42. Compare Rousseau’s notion of a social contract with that of Hobbes and Locke. What did Rousseau mean by a ‘general will’?
43. How would Rousseau reform education?
44. How was Kant’s concept of the relationship of the mind and the world different from that of previous philosophers?
45. Name the chief causes of the American Revolution.
46. Use examples of specific artists to explain Burke’s Philosophy of the Sublime.
47. What was MacPherson’s Ossian and what was its strange appeal in an age of neoclassicism?
48. How was the cult of the classical related to the cult of the natural and the primitive?
49. What are some of the characteristics of the sublime? There are actually different types of
the sublime; give some examples.

 
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