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A brief description of the technology and an explanation of the associated science

Wireless Electricity
name
DeVry University
LAS432
Professor name
January 30, 2016

Wireless Electricity
Wireless technologies have revolutionized today’s world. For example, the invention of mobile phones revolutionized the way people communicate over long distances. Additionally, the advent of wireless computer networks also improved and increased communication efficiency over computer networks. For many years, the concept of wireless electricity has been under development. The potential of this technology has been seen in various applications in today’s world. For example, several mobile device manufacturers have begun installing wireless charging devices in these devices to facilitate wireless recharging. This technology brings with it a high level of convenience when using mobile devices. This illustrates one of the numerous areas where wireless electricity can be applied to improve the human living conditions and increase the efficiency with which people conduct their day-to-day activities. The next sections of this paper explore the concepts behind wireless power and some of the areas where it is applied.
Description of the Technology and Science behind Wireless Power
Wireless electricity is an advancement in the electronic technology that means transmission of electricity power from one point to another without use of wire as a transmission medium. In everyday life, technology is changing the way things are done and probably in trying to improve way of living with the minimum available resources by minimizing every possible loss in the resources utilization. Development of wireless electricity technology is a recent development in the electricity industry that serves as an option to the way power transmission has been carried out. According to Agbinya (2012), in the process of electricity transmission using wire technology, a lot of power get lost in the process of transporting power from the main generators in the power plants to consumers’ location and power loss experienced in wire resistance as the electrons passes through the wire. This proves that the normal way of energy transmission is not effective as 26%-30% of total power transported is lost leaving about 74%-70 percentage to reach consumers (Agbinya, 2012). Owing to this inefficiency, wireless electricity technology has been developed to address the problem increasing efficiency to 84%.
Therefore, Nicholas Tesla developed wireless electricity technology back in 19th century. Wireless electricity uses induction process whereby a wires a coiled around a magnetic bar forming looped coil. According to Tesla (2013), electromagnetic field results after passage of electric current in the coiled magnetic bar which in return can transmit charges to nearby thing whereby the quantity of voltage transported entirely depends on factors like magnetic strength in the bar and the coiled looped on the magnetic bar. For the charging to take place, the gadget to be charged is placed closely to a charger whereby power supply is connected to the charger but with no power source connected between the charger and the gadget. When electrical current is supplied to the charger, electromagnetic field is created and upon placing device near the charger, current induction is created in the coils, which finally charges the battery (Tesla, 2013).
Science That Inspired Wireless Electricity Technology
Solar and Laser Panel Advances
One of the most notable scientific influences of wireless power is the solar and laser panel wireless transmission technology is founded back in 1980s, which was carried out by US initiative of strategic defense (Agbinya, 2012). The experiment borrowed heavily from the program used by Apollo to measure distance from moon to earth, which used ground-based lasers. Looking for newer and cleaner sources of energy different from the sources from fossils and green gas sources has led to an advanced research on the solar energy, which is cleaner and durable compared to any source of energy on earth. William C integrated a work system using all components of wireless electricity (Agbinya, 2012). Peter Glaser a scientist based in USA advanced wireless electricity beaming from solar to earth that was efficient than earth-based power that was reliable for all time round. Solar panels were located in the space whereby solar energy would be transmitted to earth via micro waves that is turned into electric current which is then stored in power storage grid (Agbinya, 2012). Over years, it has been found that microwaves and lasers are good in power transmission medium.
Magnetically Coupled Resonance
One of the most notable researchers in this field is Nicholas Tesla who introduced magnetic coupling in 19th century for charges storage on earth. Marin a professor in Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) introduced wireless power transmission through resonance magnetic coupling in 2006 (Agbinya, 2012). This technology involved transmission of electricity energy without cables. The experiment which successfully was completed in 2007 found that resonance coupling achieved high efficiency in transmitting of electric energy under the same resonant frequency without causing any harm to the environment. Power transmission is categorized into three distinct methods. First, wireless electricity transmission is done using electromagnetic radiation waves. In this category, power is transported in forms of electromagnetic waves (Agbinya, 2013). Second category is energy transfer through electromagnetic induction and the third method is wireless energy transmission through magnetic resonance, which is a Non-Radiation Power Transmission Means (Agbinya, 2012). Wireless power transmission technology is a near field transmission technique, which can be, be either magnetic wireless power transmission technology or electric wireless transmission technology (Agbinya, 2012).
Furthermore, magnetic coupled resonance applies electromagnetic medium having the same frequency resonance to transmit energy from one point to another (Scroggie and Amos, 2013). Two electromagnetic systems are important because one end constantly supplies energy and the other point consuming and thus energy transfer is achieved. Magnetically coupled resonance applies resonance technique whereby power is transferred from one point (transmitting) to the other point (receiving) in that the distance is made shorter contrary to radiation, which transports energy in forms of microwaves (Scroggie and Amos, 2013). This form of energy transmission is useful for a short distance. Supplying source produces magnetic field oscillations which when they enters in the coil, they produces magnetic field creating resonance of the same frequency that makes energy transmission possible. According to an article published by MIT, resonance coupling is possible with the objects with the same resonant frequency. For instance, electromagnetic field, sounds, nuclear etc because energy transfer is done efficiently (Scroggie and Amos, 2013). Magnetic coupled resonance is suitable where a short distance is involved as well as resonant of the same frequency. Induction gets effective when the device is close to the induction coil (Agbinya, 2013). When the distance increases, energy transfer can be only efficient by enhancing the strength of the magnetic field.
Radio Frequency Harvesting
According to Scroggie and Amos (2013), Radio frequency (RF), energy harvesting refers to converting into electric power by the use of energy producing circuits linked to receiving antennae of radio frequency power, which comes from sources that produces electromagnet fields like wireless radio networks, TVs and mobile phones etc. Radio waves forms components of electromagnetic (electrical and magnetic). RF circuit over past years has been not serious considered due to costs and system inflexibility (Scroggie and Amos, 2013). Radio frequency harvesting power from responsible sources offers an option to some problems of low energy of internet of things devices. Radio Frequency energy harvesting allows charging of devices. RF is a free energy from several ambient sources, which increases in number every day. Large supply of RF energy results from mobile phones.

Wireless devices have capability of harvesting energy from signals which consequently uses it to process and transmit information. Additionally, radio signals ranging from 300GHz- 30KHZ forms an avenue and are capable of transporting electromagnetic radiation energy. Radio Frequency Harvesting Networks Architecture is made of three parts which include; Radio Frequency power source, devices for the network and the information gateways.
Inductive Coupling
In addition, inductive coupling is a power transfer through a wireless medium via two magnetic coils, which are coupled forming resonant circuits with same frequency resonance (Agbinya, 2013). This wireless energy transformation uses two coils with capacitors and resonant transformer. Wireless energy transfer has three components namely transceiver, inducting coupling and the rectifier. Transceiver transmits energy through coils electromagnetically. Inducting coupling functions like antennae, which carries direct current to rectifiers, which turns AC voltage to direct voltage. The rectifier completes the process by transmitting direct voltage into the load, which may include a mobile phone. For resonant coupling, LC circuit is formed because of two coils with capacitors i.e. primary and secondary coil (Agbinya, 2013). A magnetic field is formed whenever oscillating energy is placed in a primary coil with capacitors, in the process, electronic power moves across oscillating magnetic field and to the inductor and along capacitors electronic field at the of resonant speed. However, in each cycle, there is power loss from the primary coil, which is absorbed by the secondary coil (Agbinya, 2013). Inductive coupling technology is simply a wireless energy transmission technology working almost the same as conventional transformers. The principle behind this technology is that AC is supplied into the primary coil whereby a magnetic field is created after which a magnetic flux is created in the secondary coil, which triggers voltage (Agbinya, 2013). In this technology, research has shown that current is directly proportional to distance and the level of frequency because the closer the distance between the point the bigger amount of current/voltage is transmitted. Additionally, it was found that distance of zero centimeters is the appropriate distance for the energy transmission without wires (Agbinya, 2013).
Electromagnetic Induction (Farady’s Law)
Farady’s law is a scientific law in the field of mathematics that involves changing of magnetic field into induced voltage/current. An electromagnetic phenomenon is widely used in technological inventions such as electrical transformers and generators, electronic guitars, and telephone (Agbinya, 2013). Whereby magnetic field when changed gives rise to current. When an ammeter is attached to a conducting loop and the motion is set to rise, then a magnetic flux is created due to the motion as time changes. From the study, Farady observed that electromagnetic flux formed in the loop and the rate change of magnetic flux is proportionately related (Agbinya, 2013). Faraday has explained his law in its application in day-to-day life by examining telephone functionality. The law explains that a telephone contains a magnetic bar, which responds to sound waves and thus making movements. The bar is located close to a coil which induces current which when it reaches at the speaker the sound waves are replaced.
Application of the Technology
Industrial
For many years, wireless technology has been in application. Wireless technology is used in industries for transmitting messages over the Ethernets through wireless local area networks (Kiani and Ghovanloo, 2012). Wireless adapter is used for easy wireless connections. Another wide usage of wireless technology in the industry is drilling machines. Drilling machines battery is being charged using contactless energy transmission. In the emitter system, a primary coil is located and the secondary coil is fitted in the drilling machines. Magnetic coupling is enhanced between the primary coil and the secondary coil to control the transferred power because if the energy gets too high, data communication could be lost. Wireless battery charging is yet another important application of wireless transmission in the industry as batteries are sources of energy in many industries (Kiani and Ghovanloo, 2012). For instance, power by proxy charging has been a solution using wireless resonant charging. Additionally, this technology has not lagged behind in medical industry. An inductive coupling technology is crucial for dealing with a patient with heart problem. Doctors for heart energy supply use this technology.
Desktop Electronics
Additionally, the demand for electronic devices raging from smart phones to personal computers has been increasing in hat the best source of energy to meet this demand is through wireless electricity technology, which provides cheap, reliable and enough energy source for types of devices (Kiani and Ghovanloo, 2012). Some of the wireless electricity technology applications are; charging of desktop electronics at home, powering directly of home appliances including TVs and charging of electronic devices without the use of batteries and wires.
Home Electronics
Furthermore, wireless electricity technology is a cheap and available source of energy, which acts as a source of energy to many types of home appliances/electronics. This technology is useful in powering lighting of surveillance cameras at homes, powering DVDs, powering TVs, powering laptops and smart phones in homes (Kiani and Ghovanloo, 2012). For the electronics to be charged, electromagnetic waves are transmitted through the air, which in return charges devices. Other devices, which can be power through this technology, are microwaves, refrigerators and many others
Mobile Electronics
As seen above, one of the most noticeable applications of wireless power is in consumer electronics. In the recent years, the concept of wireless charging has been developed and this promises high levels of convenience when using mobile devices (Kiani and Ghovanloo, 2012). Most people have to spend a considerable amount of their time charging their mobile devices every day. This brings many inconveniences as that time can be spent doing constructive things with the mobile devices. For example, one has to recharge his or her laptop computer often to ensure that he/she continues with his/her work uninterrupted. Failure to recharge it could lead to missed deadlines or other inconveniences. However, with the existence of wireless recharging, one can recharge their devices using the power generated by their cars.
Further, one can recharge his or her device even when he/she does not have access to the device charger. For the last two years, mobile devices have been integrated with wireless charging systems but the adoption of this technology has been consistently low (Kiani and Ghovanloo, 2012). Furthermore, the current wireless charging systems are not completely wireless and therefore cannot be considered to be utilizing the wireless power technology. In addition, some competing industry standards have served as hindrances to the full adoption of wireless charging systems by pioneer companies. However, the steps that have been taken currently illustrate the milestones that have been taken towards the implementation of wireless power technologies in today’s mobile electronics.
Medical Applications
In addition to the above applications, various medical devices have to be implanted under the skin to or near certain body organs to monitor the functionality of body organs and a person’s health condition. These medical devices pose a power challenge because they cannot be connected directly to a power source for recharging. Therefore, engineers have to come up with wireless technologies to ensure that the devices are recharged often to maintain their functionality throughout. The development of wireless electricity has facilitated the development of implanted medical devices such as the LVAD, which is implanted in patients who have cardiac problems (Maybaum, Mancini, Xydas, Starling, Aaronson, Pagani and Torre-Amione, 2007). This device serves as a booster to the heart to prevent any chances of heart failure.
The LVAD device is powered using a driveline, which is routed under the patient’s skin (Maybaum et al, 2007). The driveline retrieves power from high resonance external batteries and recharges the LVAD to keep it functional. The company that developed the LVAD is currently researching on the possibilities of eliminating the driveline, which requires the physical puncturing of the skin. By doing this, they could come up with a device that utilizes wireless power technologies fully. This device illustrates the steps that have been taken towards the application of wireless electricity in real life situations.
In conclusion, Wireless transmission technology is not a new thing but it was discovered long time ago but stakeholders have been playing important roles in making sure that this technology has affected in the real world application. With this technology at hand, energy can be transported to any given distance without using wire and the intended purpose be achieved. Numerous researches have been carried that have proved that, wireless technology is efficient and cheap and the losses associated during wireless transmission are kept low compared to any other form of transmission. Additionally, wireless technology has wide application in day-to-day living ranging from industrial application to domestic application. Most costs are eliminated which are associated with wired transmission which includes cost of cables, landscaping and entire connection cost. Furthermore, this form of energy is environmentally friendly compared to other sources of energy like from green gas, fossils etc.
Furthermore, as the technology advances in every day, stakeholders are introducing new things regarding wireless transmission technology. This will help in sought out energy crisis faced in the current times as well as in the future time especially much demand of electronic devices which consequently demands additional power supply to suite this rising demand of energy. Development of wireless transmission is based on scientific work whereby there has been sciences which has contributed to technology getting to this far. In this technology, two parts are involved which are transmitter and the receiver concept. Transmitter is the primary part of the system, which supplies energy to the second part of the system, which is the receiver, which receives the power and turns it into voltage. In this entire process, no physical devices are used for power transmission.

References
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