FACTS SCHOOL INTEGRATION

The Benefits of Socioeconomically and Racially Integrated Schools andClassrooms

APRIL 29, 2019

Research shows that racial and socioeconomic diversity in the classroom can provide students with a range of cognitive and

social benefits. And school policies around the country are beginning to catch up. Today, over 4 million students in America are

enrolled in school districts or charter schools with socioeconomic integration policies—a number that has more than doubled

since 2007.

Here’s why the growing momentum in favor of diversity in schools is good news for all students:

Academic and Cognitive Benefits

On average, students in socioeconomically and racially diverse schools—regardless of a student’s own economic status—have

stronger academic outcomes than students in schools with concentrated poverty.

Students in integrated schools have higher average test scores. On the 2011 National Assessment of Educational

Progress (NAEP) given to fourth graders in math, for example, low-income students attending more affluent schools scored

roughly two years of learning ahead of low-income students in high-poverty schools. Controlling carefully for students’

family background, another study found that students in mixed-income schools showed 30 percent more growth in test

scores over their four years in high school than peers with similar socioeconomic backgrounds in schools with concentrated

poverty.

Students in integrated schools are more likely to enroll in college. When comparing students with similar

socioeconomic backgrounds, those students at more affluent schools are 68 percent more likely to enroll at a four-year

college than their peers at high-poverty schools.

Students in integrated schools are less likely to drop out. Dropout rates are significantly higher for students in

segregated, high-poverty schools than for students in integrated schools. During the height of desegregation in the 1970s

and 1980s, dropout rates decreased for minority students, with the greatest decline in dropout rates occurring in districts

that had undergone the largest reductions in school segregation.

Integrated schools help to reduce racial achievement gaps. In fact, the racial achievement gap in K–12 education closed

more rapidly during the peak years of school desegregation in the 1970s and 1980s than it has overall in the decades that

followed—when many desegregation policies were dismantled. More recently, black and Latino students had smaller

achievement gaps with white students on the 2007 and 2009 NAEP when they were less likely to be stuck in high-poverty

school environments. The gap in SAT scores between black and white students continues to be larger in segregated

districts, and one study showed that change from complete segregation to complete integration in a district could reduce as

much as one quarter of the current SAT score disparity. A recent study from Stanford’s Center for Education Policy

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

Analysis confirmed that school segregation is one of the most significant drivers of the racial achievement gap.

Integrated classrooms encourage critical thinking, problem solving, and creativity. We know that diverse classrooms,

in which students learn cooperatively alongside those whose perspectives and backgrounds are different from their own,

are beneficial to all students—including middle-class white students—because these environments promote creativity,

motivation, deeper learning, critical thinking, and problem-solving skills.

Civic and Social-Emotional Benefits

Racially and socioeconomically diverse schools offer students important social-emotional benefits by exposing them to peers of

different backgrounds. The increased tolerance and cross-cultural dialogue that result from these interactions are beneficial for

civil society.

Attending a diverse school can help reduce racial bias and counter stereotypes. Children are at risk of developing

stereotypes about racial groups if they live in and are educated in racially isolated settings. By contrast, when school

settings include students from multiple racial groups, students become more comfortable with people of other races, which

leads to a dramatic decrease in discriminatory attitudes and prejudices.

Students who attend integrated schools are more likely to seek out integrated settings later in life. Integrated schools

encourage relationships and friendships across group lines. According to one study, students who attend racially diverse

high schools are more likely to live in diverse neighborhoods five years after graduation.

Integrated classrooms can improve students’ satisfaction and intellectual self-confidence. Research on diversity at the

college level shows that when students have positive experiences interacting with students of other backgrounds and view

the campus racial and cultural climate as affirming, they emerge with greater confidence in their own academic abilities.

Learning in integrated settings can enhance students’ leadership skills. A longitudinal study of college students found

that the more often first-year students were exposed to diverse educational settings, the more their leadership skills

improved.

Meaningful relationships between individuals with different racial or ethnic backgrounds impacts how people treat

racial and ethnic groups. Studies show that emotional bonds formed through close cross-group relationships lead people

to treat members of their friends’ groups as well as they treat members of their own groups. These types of relationships are

most commonly formed within schools that have greater levels of racial and ethnic diversity.

Exposure to diversity reduces anxiety. Longitudinal studies in Europe, South Africa, and the United .States. surveyed

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

students and found that positive intergroup contact predicts lower levels of anxiety in relations with them.

Economic Benefits

Providing more students with integrated school environments is a cost-effective strategy for boosting student achievement and

preparing students for work in a diverse global economy.

School integration efforts produce a high return on investment. According to one recent estimate, reducing

socioeconomic segregation in our schools by half would produce a return on investment of 3-5 times the cost of the

programs.

Attending an integrated school can be a more effective academic intervention than receiving extra funding in a

higher-poverty school. One study of students in Montgomery County, Maryland, found that students living in public

housing randomly assigned to lower-poverty neighborhoods and schools outperformed those assigned to higher-poverty

neighborhoods and schools—even though the higher-poverty schools received extra funding per pupil.

School integration promotes more equitable access to resources. Integrating schools can help to reduce disparities in

access to well-maintained facilities, highly qualified teachers, challenging courses, and private and public funding.

Diverse classrooms prepare students to succeed in a global economy. In higher education, university officials and

business leaders argue that diverse college campuses and classrooms prepare students for life, work, and leadership in a

more global economy by fostering leaders who are creative, collaborative, and able to navigate deftly in dynamic,

multicultural environments.

Diversity produces more productive, more effective, and more creative teams. Integrated schools and workplaces

support the conditions necessary to foster the core tenets of deeper learning such as communication, inquiry, and

collaboration. Simply interacting with people from different backgrounds encourages group members to prepare better, to

anticipate alternative viewpoints, and to be ready to work towards consensus.

Children who attended integrated schools had higher earnings as adults, had improved health outcomes, and were

less likely to be incarcerated. Researcher Rucker Johnson tracked black children exposed to desegregation plans in the

1960s through the 1980s, and found a variety of positive outcomes for the quality and longevity of life associated with

school integration.

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

Adapted from How Racially Diverse Schools and Classrooms Can Benefit All Students (2016) and A Smarter Charter: Finding

What Works for Charter Schools and Public Education (2014).

Notes

1. NAEP Data Explorer, National Assessment for Educational Progress, 2017, http://nces.ed.gov/nationsreportcard/naepdata/;

and C. Lubienski and S. T. Lubienski, “Charter, private, public schools and academic achievement: New evidence from NAEP

mathematics data,” National Center for the Study of Privatization in Education, Teachers College, Columbia University, January

2006, https://nepc.colorado.edu/sites/default/files/EPRU-0601-137-OWI[1].pdf.

2. G. Palardy, “Differential school effects among low, middle, and high social class composition schools,” School Effectiveness and

School Improvement 19, 1 (2008): 37.

3. G. J. Palardy, “High school socioeconomic segregation and student attainment,” American Educational Research Journal, 50,

no. 4 (2013): 714.

4. R. Balfanz and N. Legters, “LOCATING THE DROPOUT CRISIS: Which High Schools Produce the Nation’s Dropouts? Where Are

They Located? Who Attends Them?” Center for Research on The Education of Students Placed at Risk, Johns Hopkins Univfersity,

September 2004, http://www.csos.jhu.edu/crespar/techreports/report70.pdf.

5. R. A. Mickelson, “Twenty-first Century Social Science Research on School Diversity and Educational Outcomes,” Ohio State Law

Journal 69, (2008): 1173–228, http://moritzlaw.osu.edu/students/groups/oslj/files/2012/04/69.6.Mickelson.pdf; G. D. Borman

and N. M. Dowling, “Schools and Inequality: A Multilevel Analysis of Coleman’s Equality of Educational Opportunity Data,”

Teachers College Record 112, (2010): 1201–246, http://www.tcrecord.org/content.asp?Contentid=15664.

6. G. Orfield, “Schools More Separate: Consequences of a Decade of Resegregation,” The Civil Rights Project, Harvard University,

July 2001, http://civilrightsproject.ucla.edu/research/k-12-education/integration-and-diversity/schools-more-separate-

consequences-of-a-decade-of-resegregation/orfield-schools-more-separate-2001.pdf.

7. Ann Mantil, Anne G. Perkins, and Stephanie Aberger, “The Challenge of High-Poverty Schools: How Feasible Is Socioeconomic

School Integration?” in The Future of School Integration, ed. Richard D. Kahlenberg(New York: The Century Foundation, 2012),

155–222.

8. D. Card and J. Rothstein, “Racial Segregation and the Black-White Test Score Gap,” working paper, The National Bureau of

Economic Research, Cambridge, MA, 2006, https://www.nber.org/papers/w12078.pdf.

9. Sean Reardon, Demetra Kalogrides, and Kenneth Shores, “The Geography of Racial/Ethnic Test Score Gaps”, CEPA Working

Paper No.16-10, May 2018.

10. S. E. Page, The Difference: How the Power of Diversity Creates Better Groups, Firms, Schools, and Societies (Princeton, NJ:

Princeton University Press, 2008), http://press.princeton.edu/titles/8757.html; M. Chang, “The Educational Benefits of

Sustaining Cross-Racial Interaction Among Undergraduates,” The Journal of Higher Education 77, no. 3 (May/June 2006): 430,

http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/jhe/summary/v077/77.3chang.html; M. J. Chang, “The Positive Educational Effects of Racial

Diversity on Campus,” in Diversity Challenged: Evidence on the Impact of Affirmative Action, ed. G. Orfield and M. Kurlaender

(Cambridge, MA: Harvard Education Publishing Group, 2001): 175–86, http://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED456190; M. Chang, D. Witt, J.

Jones, and K. Hakuta, Compelling Interest: Examining the Evidence on Racial Dynamics in Higher Education (Palo Alto, CA:

Stanford University Press, 2003); P. Y. Gurin, “Expert Witness Report in Gratz et al. v. Bollinger et al,” 1998,

http://diversity.umich.edu/admissions/legal/expert/gurintoc.html; K. Phillips, “How Diversity Makes Us Smarter,” Scientific

American 311, no. 4 (October 2014), http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/how-diversity-makes-us-smarter/; A. L. Antonio,

M. J. Chang, K. Hakuta, D. A. Kenny, S. Levin, and J. F. Milem, “Effects of Racial Diversity on Complex Thinking in College

Students,” Psychological Science 15, no. 8 (August 2004): 507-510, http://pss.sagepub.com/content/15/8/507.short; Brief of

Amicus Curiae 553 Social Scientists, Parents Involved v. Seattle School District 551 U.S. 701 (2007) (No. 05-908); P. Marin, “The

educational possibility of multi-racial/multi-ethnic college classrooms,” in Does Diversity Make a Difference? Three Research

Studies on Diversity in College Classrooms (Washington, D.C.: American Council on Education & American Association of

University Professors, 2000), 61–68.

11. R. Bigler, & L. S. Liben, “A Developmental Intergroup Theory of Social Stereotypes and Prejudices,” Advances in Child

Development and Behavior, 34 (2006), 39-89. T. F. Pettigrew, and L. R. Tropp, “A Meta-Analytic Test of Intergroup Contact

Theory”, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 90, no. 5 (2006), 751–83. See also J. Boisjoly, G. J. Duncan, M. Kremer,

D. M. Levy, & J. Eccles, “Empathy or Antipathy? The Impact of Diversity,” American Economic Review, 96, no. 5 (2006), 1890-

1905; Heidi McGlothlin and Melanie Killen, “How Social Experience Is Related to Children’s Intergroup Attitudes,” European

Journal of Social Psychology 40, no 4 (2010): 625; Adam Rutland, Lindsey Cameron, Laura Bennett, and Jennifer Ferrell,

“Interracial Contact and Racial Constancy: A Multi-site Study of Racial Intergroup Bias in 3-5 Year Old Anglo-British Children,”

Applied Developmental Psychology 26 (2005): 699–713, https://kar.kent.ac.uk/26168/4/rutland%20et%20al%20JADP.pdf; and

Amy Stuart Wells and Robert L. Crain, “Perpetuation Theory and the Long-Term Effects of School Desegregation,” Review of

Educational Research 64, no. 4 (1994): 531–55.

12. K. J. R. Phillips, R. J. Rodosky, M. A. Muñoz, & E. S. Larsen, “Integrated Schools, Integrated Futures? A Case Study of School

Desegregation in Jefferson County, Kentucky, ” in From the Courtroom to the Classroom: The Shifting Landscape of School

Desegregation, ed. C. E. Smrekar, & E. B. Goldring, (Cambridge, MA: Harvard Education Press, 2009), 239-70.

13. N. F. P. Gilfoyle, “Brief of amici curiae: The American Psychological Association in Support of Respondents in Fisher v.

University of Texas at Austin,” November 2, 2015, http://www.scotusblog.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/14-

981bsacAmericanPsychologicalAssociation.pdf; “Brief of The American Educational Research Association, et.al. as amici curiae in

Support of Respondents in Fisher v. University of Texas at Austin,” October, 30, 2015, http://www.scotusblog.com/wp-

content/uploads/2015/11/14-981bsacAmericanEducationalResearchAssociationEtAl.pdf.

14. “Brief of amici curiae: The American Psychological Association in Support of Respondents in Fisher v. University of Texas at

Austin”; N. A. Bowman, “How Much Diversity is Enough? The Curvilinear Relationship Between College Diversity Interactions and

First-year Student Outcomes,” Research in Higher Education 54, no. 8 (December 2013): 874-894,

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/257658414_How_Much_Diversity_is_Enough_The_Curvilinear_Relationship_Between_College_Diversity_Interactions_and_First-

Year_Student_Outcomes.

15. Linda Tropp and Suchi Saxena, “Re-weaving the Social Fabric through Integrated Schools: How Intergroup Contact Prepares

Youth to Thrive in a Multicultural Society,” May 2018, http://school-diversity.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/NCSD_Brief13.pdf.

16. S. Levin, C. van Laar, J. Sidanius, “The Effects of Ingroup and Outgroup Friendship on Ethnic Attitudes in College: A

Longitudinal Study,” Group Processes and Intergroup Relations, 6 (2003), 76-92; H. Swart, M. Hewstone, O. Christ, and A. Voci,

“Affect Mediators of Intergroup Contact: A Three-Wave Longitudinal Studies in South Africa,” Journal of Personality and Social

Psychology, 101 (2011), 1221-1238.

17. M. Basile, “The Cost-Effectiveness of Socioeconomic School Integration” in The Future of School Integration: Socioeconomic

Diversity as an Education Reform Strategy, ed. R. D. Kahlenberg (New York, NY: The Century Foundation Press, 2012), 127-154.

18. H. Schwartz, “Housing Policy is School Policy: Economically Integrative Housing Promotes Academic Success in Montgomery

County, Maryland,” in The Future of School Integration: Socioeconomic Diversity as an Education Reform Strategy, ed. R. D.

Kahlenberg (New York, NY: The Century Foundation Press, 2012), 27-66.

19. M. M. Chiu and L. Khoo, “Effects of Resources, Inequality, and Privilege Bias on Achievement: Country, School, and Student

Level Analyses,” American Educational Research Journal 42, no. 4 (2005): 575-603,

http://aer.sagepub.com/content/42/4/575.abstract; S. W. Raudenbush, R. P. Fotiu, and Y. F. Cheong, “Inequality of Access to

Educational Resources: A National Report Card for Eighth- Grade Math,” Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis 20 (1998):

253–67, http://www.ssicentral.com/hlm/techdocs/EEPA98.pdf; G. Orfield and C. Lee, “Why Segregation Matters: Poverty and

Educational Inequality,” The Civil Rights Project, Harvard University, January 2005, http://civilrightsproject.ucla.edu/research/k-

12-education/integration-and-diversity/why-segregation-matters-poverty-and-educational-inequality/orfield-why-segregation-

matters-2005.pdf; Mark Schneider, “Do School Facilities Affect Academic Outcomes?” National Clearinghouse for Educational

Facilities, November 2002, http://www.ncef.org/pubs/outcomes.pdf; A. S. Wells, B. Baldridge, J. Duran, R. Lofton, A. Roda, M.

Warner, T. White, and C. Grzesikowski, “Why Boundaries Matter: A Study of Five Separate and Unequal Long Island School

Districts,” The Center for Understanding Race and Education (CURE), Teachers College, Columbia University, July 2009,

http://www.policyarchive.org/handle/10207/95995; M. Kalmijn and G. Kraaykamp, “Race, Cultural Capital, and Schooling: An

Analysis of Trends in the United States,” Sociology of Education 69 (1996): 22–34, https://www.jstor.org/stable/2112721?

seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents; J. Prager, D. Longshore, and M. Seeman, School Desegregation Research: New Directions in

Situational Analysis (New York, NY: Plenum Press, 1986), https://www.springer.com/us/book/9780306421518?

token=gbgen&wt_mc=GoogleBooks.GoogleBooks.3.EN; P. DiMaggio, “Cultural Capital and School Success: The Impact of Status

Culture Participation on the Grades of U.S. High School Students,” American Sociological Review 47, no. 2 (April 1982): 189–

201,

https://campus.fsu.edu/bbcswebdav/institution/academic/social_sciences/sociology/Reading%20Lists/Stratification%20%28Gender%2C%20Race%2C%20and%20Class%29%20Copies%20of%20Articles%20from%202009/DiMaggio-

ASR-1982.pdf.

20. “Brief of amici curiae: Brown University et al. in Support of Respondents in Fisher v. University of Texas at Austin.”

21. Katherine W. Phillips, “How Diversity Works,” The Scientific American 311, no. 4, (October 2014), 42-47.

22. Rucker Johnson, “Long-Run Impacts of School Desegregation and School Quality on Adult Attainments,” NBER Working Paper

(Revised August 2015), https://gsppi.berkeley.edu/~ruckerj/johnson_schooldesegregation_NBERw16664.pdf.