Teenage Pregnancy Prevention

    Please go back and review all studies. I need accurate methods used for each study as well. PLEASE DO NO PLAGIARISM. I will run my own report. Please use scholarly language. I have added track changes in document for you and references used by your last editor. I will upload. Below I copy/pasted here but again I will upload so you can see clearly what to edit. Once reference is incorrect because one of your editors used the first name of authors.

    Literature Related to Methods
    Many studies have been conducted to determine the effectiveness of evidence-based teenage pregnancy prevention programs. Zabin et al., (1986) conducted a study to evaluate the effectiveness of pregnancy program for urban teenagers. The study was conducted over a 3-year period. The researchers used participants from four schools in the Baltimore school system. Students from two schools were administered with the treatment while the remaining acted as a control for the study. The initial enrollment for the study consisted of 667 male and 1033 female students. However, 506 male and 695 female students answered the questionnaires by the end of the study period.
    Jemmott, Jemmott, and Fong (1998) conducted a study that aimed at testing the effects of Making A Difference curriculum compared to a general health education program in a randomized controlled trial study. The participants consisted of Black adolescents in sixth and seventh grades with an average age of 11.8 years. Of the participants, 53% were females and 47% make. A pretest and posttest were administered at 3, 6, and 12 months after the program. Tortolero et al., (2011) conducted a study that aimed at determining the perception the parents had towards teaching sex education in schools. The researchers acquired the information for the study by conducting a telephone survey of the parents who had children aged below 18 years in Harris County, Texas. Random sampling was used to acquire 1200 participants for the study. The researchers made a maximum of six calls to reach the phone numbers of the sampled participants and analysis done using multinomial logistic regressions. Similarly, analysis combined the use of STATA SE version 11.1.
    In addition, Villarruel, Jemmott, and Jemmott (2006) conducted a randomized controlled trial study among the Latino youth to determine the efficacy of the prevention programs aiming at reducing sexual risk behaviors among them. The researchers used Latinos aged between 13 to 18 years with a majority of them consisting of 304 females and 249 males. Data collection was done prior to and after administration of the intervention along with at 3 months, 6 months, and 1 year. Jemmott et al., (2005) conducted a study that aimed at determining the ability of skilled-based HIV/STD risk-reduction treatment in reducing the cases of unprotected sexual intercourse among Latino and African American adolescent girls. Treatment intervention for the study was administered after three, six, and twelve months that was accompanied with follow-ups.
    Luft, Jenkins, and Cameron (2012) conducted a study that aimed at exploring the processes the adolescent girls managed healthy and unhealthy aspects of their dating relationships. The researchers adopted the use of focused discussions that allowed them to acquire information such as the negative perception of their parents towards pregnancy prevention among the teenagers. The participants of the study were girls aged between 12 and 18 years. The researchers utilized a grounded theory methodology to acquire the required information and analyzed the information using line-by-line coding procedure.
    Kathy and Donna (2014) conducted a study that aimed at determining the effect of sexting among the teenagers in the United States, the perception of the parents, and their roles in preventing its associated undesired outcomes. The authors conducted a survey with closed-ended questions among high school students with sexting experience. The participants’ average age was 18.5 years with the oldest participant aged 19 years. The participants comprised of 800 female and 800 male students. Of this number, 68.3% (females) and 31.7% male completed the study.
    Manlove, Ryan, and Franzetta (2003) conducted a study that aimed at determining the patterns of contraceptive use among teenagers with experiences of first sexual relationships. A multinomial logistic regression and logistic analyses of information obtained from 1027 participants were used.
    Milhausen et al., (2008) conducted a randomized study that aimed at determining the frequency in which Black adolescent girls engaged in a sexual relationship after administration of risk awareness intervention. The study participants comprised 552 sexually experienced females aged between 14 and 18 years. Collection of information for the study was performed at 6-months and 12-months. Data for the study were collected using self-administered questionnaires and analyzed using linear regression model.
    Jemmott III et al., (2010) performed a study to evaluate the effectiveness of HIV/STD risk-reduction approaches for the adolescents when the community-based organizations implement them. The study used 86 community-based organizations that provided risk-reducing interventions to Black adolescents aged between 13 to 18 years. The study was completed in 3-, 6-, and 12-month follow-ups that were accompanied by assessments of the effectiveness of the intervention. Finally, Minnick and Shandler (2011) conducted a study that determined the effectiveness of multiple risk-reducing interventions in changing the perception of the adolescents towards teenage pregnancy. The researchers adopted one-group pretest-posttest design as randomized controlled design was not effective for their study. The study participants consisted of students who were attending four public schools in the Washington County. Data analysis was done using Microsoft Excel 2007 and SPSS version 16. Therefore, the above shows the existence of multiple studies that aim at determining the effectiveness of evidence-based teenage pregnancy prevention programs. Much of the existing research on TPPPs uses a quantitative approach. Although such an approach can measure specific outcomes of a program, it does not provide educators with the opportunity to identify how implementation succeeded or failed. The open-endedness of the case study design used for the present study, provided an opportunity to insight into what was important to educators, in a way that many of the studies described above could not.

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