lease answer ONE of the following TWO questions in an essay response that is a minimum of 500 words (roughly the equivalent of 1 full page single-spaced, TNR/1in margin format), and fully addresses the question asked in a formal essay format. Responses should contain detail and specificity, although it is assumed that you will not be utilizing outside sources to construct your essay. This is not a research paper, you need not foot note, etc., but rather demonstrate that you have a good working knowledge of the material covered.

Please only select ONE of the following two option to respond to:

OPTION 1

Compare the details and long-term effects of the Viking Invasions and the Norman Invasion. In what fundamental ways did these invading forces differ? How did the interaction between native and new- comer play out in each case and in what ways may this have effected the long-term trajectory of each foreign presence?

OPTION 2

The currency of the term “Celtic Christianity” (as distinct from just “Christianity”) in modern scholarship has much to do with the unique path of development experienced by the church in Ireland. In what ways did Christianity uniquely conform to Irish practices as it developed through the 5th -9th centuries in Ireland? In what ways was the Irish church of the 9th century differ significantly from the early church of the 5th century?