In this module, we move from deontological ethics to teleological ? or consequentialist ? ethics. In consequentialist ethics, the outcome, or the consequences, of an act determine whether that act is good or evil. In this module, we will apply consequentialist ethics to a business situation.

In Module 2, we will explore utilitarianism and ethical egoism. Utilitarian ethics is the theory that "an action is morally right if and only if it produces at least as much good (utility) for all people affected by the action as any alternative action the person could do instead" (Source: Cambridge Dictionary of Philosophy, 2nd ed.). Think of utilitarian theory in terms of "utility" – that is, in terms of the benefit of the outcomes produced by a given action. Ethical egoism is the view that people ought to do what is in their self-interest. We will explore these concepts in-depth in Module 2.

In the Module 2 Session Long Project, we will be reviewing American Psychological Association – or APA – writing style. Specifically, we’ll review the APA style of end referencing and proper in-text citation.

In Module 2, we move from deontological ethics to teleological ? or consequentialist ? ethics. In consequentialist (teleological) ethics, it is the outcome, or consequences, of an act that determine whether that act is good or evil. Utilitarianism (the philosophy of such well-known individuals as John Stuart Mill and Jeremy Bentham) is consequentialist in nature. Ethical egoism is also considered to be a consequentialist philosophy.

The Greek word telos is translated to mean ?end? or ?purpose.? Consequently, teleological ethics are concerned with the ends or purposes of an act (this in opposition to deontological ethics which, as we have learned, are concerned with one?s duty to act or not to act).

Required Reading:

Read about Jeremy Bentham, the father of utilitarianism, here: https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/utilitarianism-history/#JerBen

Please review the following links (from the Seven Oaks Philosophy and Professor Charles D. Kay) on teleological ethics in general and ethical egoism and utilitarianism more specifically:

https://www.sevenoaksphilosophy.org/ethics/teleology.html

https://www.sevenoaksphilosophy.org/ethics/egoism.html

https://webs.wofford.edu/kaycd/ethics/util.htm

Now, let?s read the following article from the Markkula Center of Applied Ethics:

https://www.scu.edu/ethics/practicing/decision/calculating.html

We are going to focus here on the Utility Test: https://ethicsops.com/UtilityTest.aspx

Note that there are several other tests as well: the Rights Test, the Justice, Test, and the Choices Test, among others. Please navigate through a few of these as well ? you may do so at the following link: https://ethicsops.com/EthicsTestsLinks.aspx. You will use one of these tests in your evaluation of Module 2 Case.

For now, let?s concentrate on how the Utility Test may be operationalized by reviewing the following two examples:

https://ethicsops.com/LessSugarMarketing.aspx

https://ethicsops.com/PhantomExpenses.aspx

Optional:

Professor Wofford?s notes on ethical egoism may be found at the following site:

https://webs.wofford.edu/kaycd/ethics/egoism.htm

The following video by Dr. Thomas O?Brien of DePaul University is a very good overview of consequentialism:

https://www.viddler.com/explore/twob1961/videos/6/

This YouTube video is a particularly good overview of egoism and utilitarianism (restated, both are forms of teleological ethics):

Library Information

To access articles in the Library, please follow the steps below:

1. Login to CourseNet at https://coursenet.trident.edu/

2. On the left hand navigation pane under Resources, select ?Library Portal.?

3. From there, you will be directed to the Touro College Library database. If you know the database in which your article is located, then select that database to start your search.

4. If you cannot locate an article in one set of databases (such as EBSCO), try to find it in ProQuest.

At this time, the only exception remains Ebrary. To search Ebrary, please return to the navigation bar of CourseNet and click on Ebrary. It is located just below the Library Portal. It will take you directly to the Ebrary database.

In the Module 2 SLP, we will be reviewing American Psychological Association (APA) style. Use of APA style is required in all Trident University International papers ? both the Case and SLP ? that you will write throughout your graduate program. In the Module 2 SLP, you will use APA style to cite (in-text) and end-reference several articles and books that you have located in the TUI Library. You will also paraphrase selected text taken from these same sources.

Required Reading:

The following website ? authored by the University of Southern Mississippi ? is an excellent resource for APA style: https://www.lib.usm.edu/help/style_guides.html

I would also like for you to review the following APA guidelines at the Purdue OWL (Online Writing Lab). Be sure to review the ?In-text Citations? and ?Reference Lists? included on the left navigation bar. Using the left navigation bar, be sure to take specific note as to how books and articles are cited within the body of the paper (i.e., as in-text citations) and how books and articles are reflected in the paper as end references: https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/01/

The Purdue OWL site provides guidance related to compilation of the reference list at the end of your paper (be sure to review each page related to end referencing — please see the left navigation bar): https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/05/
Please review the following site demonstrating proper APA style for "in-text" (or parenthetical) citations: https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/02/
Finally, the attached Word document will help you complete the Module 2 SLP. Be sure to take careful note of such details as capitalization of titles, punctuation, italicization. APA style – References and In-text Citations (authored by Dr. Michael S. Garmon, Trident University International, 2012).

Assignment:

Using proper APA Style, paraphrase, provide an in-text citation, and end reference for several library sources.

Keys to the Assignment:

Refer to the "Library Access" section in the Background section of this module. These instructions will guide you in use of the online TUI library.

Locate the following articles in the TUI Library (use EBSCO):
1) "Taking Rights out of Human Rights." By John Tasioulas, John. Ethics. July 2010, Volume 120, Issue 4, pages 647-678.

2) Authors: Thompson, Karen J.; Thach, Elizabeth C.; and Morelli, Melissa. Insights to a Changing World Journal. December 2010, Issue 4, pages 107-130. Title: "Implementing Ethical Leadership: Current Challenges and Solutions."

3) "Ethics as a Business Strategy." Authored by By: Andrew N. Liveris. Vital Speeches of the Day. January 2011, Volume 77, Issue 1, page 35-39.

Next, locate the following books in the TUI Library (use eBrary):

4) Author is M. Paliwal. Year published: 2006; Published by New Age International; Location: Delhi, India. Title of book: Business Ethics.

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