Breathing, Heart, and Lungs

An anxious patient is having rapid and shallow breathing. After a few moments, he complains of a tingling sensation.

• What could be the causes of this tingling sensation?
• What are the various patterns of respiration and their significance?
• Ethnicity and culture influence risk factors for heart disease. Do you agree? Why or why not?
• What is the technique of percussion and palpation of the chest wall for tenderness, symmetry, bulges, fremitus, and thoracic expansion? Explain.
• Would you anticipate hearing hyper-resonance on a patient with a history of tobacco use? Why or why not?
• What are the mechanics of breathing with reference to lung borders and the anatomical structure of the lungs and diaphragm?

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